EARLY CHRISTIAN AND BYZANTINE ERA

407 Roman abandonment of  Britain. Country invaded by Picts from Scotland, Angles and Saxon from Germany, and Jutes for Juteland in Denmark.

493 Theodoric, King of Ostragoths becomes king of all Italy

527 Justinian, Byzantine Emperor (to 565). Height of Empire. Included parts of Asia Minor, the Balkan Peninsula, Palestine, Egypt, northern Africa, southern Spain and part of Italy.

584 Kingdom of Mercia founded in England

590 Gregory I, the Great, Pope (to604)

597 St. Augustine lands in England

620 Vikings begin invading Ireland

664 Synod of Whitby

669 Theodore of Tarsus sent to England

1054 Eastern Church independent of Rome

1096 First Crusade

ROMANESQUE

732 Charles Martel defeats Moors at Tours

756 Papal States founded in Italy

771 Charlemagne, King of the Franks (to 814)

787 First Danish invasion of Britain

861 Vikings discover Iceland

871 Alfred the Great, King of Wessex (to 899)

911 Harold the Ganger granted Normandy

936 Otto I, the Great, King of Germany (to 973)

962 Revival of Holy Roman Empire in West

1096 First Crusade

1016 Danes rule England

1066 Battle of Hastings

1075 Dispute over appointment of bishops

1152 Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor (to 1190)

1170 Thomas à Becket murdered

1171 Henry II annexes Ireland

GOTHIC (France, England, Germany and Austria)

England-
~1066: Norman forces won the Battle of Hastings, and William the conqueror
became king of England.
~1215: English barons forced King John to agree to Magna Carta.
~1265 De Montfort's Parliament
~1282-1283: England conquered Wales
~1295: Edward I called together the Model Parliament.
~1314: Scotland assured its independence from England.
~1337-1453: England Fought the Hundred Years’ War with France and lost most
of its lands on the European mainland.
~1455-1480: Two royal Families fought for the throne in the Wars of the
Roses.
~1534: At the urging of Henry VII, Parliament made the King Supreme head of
the Church of England.

Germany-
~1438: then Hapsburg family of Austria began almost continuous rule of the
Holy Roman Empire.
~1517: Reformation began in Germany with Martin Luther's activities.

France-
~1302: Philip IV called together the first Estates- General, the ancestor
of the French Parliament.
~1309-1377: The popes lived in Avignon.
~1337-1453: France defeated England during the Hundred Years’ War.

Austria-
~1273: The princes of Germany elected Rudolf I as holy Roman Emperor.
~1278: Rudolf defeated Ottokar.
~1358: Rudolf IV claimed the title of Archduke of Austria.
~1453: Duchy of Austria became Archduchy of Austria.

Architecture-
~1120: development of  ribbed vaulting.
~1120-1200: Early Gothic period
~1140: Saint Denis in Paris- earliest surviving Gothic building was started.
~1163: Notre Dame cathedral in Paris was started.
~1165: Laon cathedral was started.
    -The interior columns and ribs were as if composed of more slender parallel members.
    -Window tracery evolved.
    -Stained glass evolved.
~1192: Nave and choir of Lincoln cathedral built.
~1200-1300: Early English Gothic Style
~1250: In France, architects concentrated on the harmonious distribution of masses of masonry        -technical problems relating to heights.
~1256: Lincoln cathedral built.
~1280-1500: Flamboyant style (France)
~1300-1375: Decorated Gothic Style in England
~1375-1500: Perpendicular Style (England)
~1446-1515: King’s College Chapel, Cambridge built.

Sculpture-
~1145-1155: Royal Portal of Charles cathedral
~12th and 13th century: Sculptures became more relaxed.
~1240: Reims cathedral.
~14th century: More refined and elegant
    -International Gothic Style.

Painting-
~14th century: Painting used more in decorating
    -New Testament scenes.
~late 14th century & early 15th century: Secular subjects begin to emerge
    -hunting scenes
    -chivalric themes
    -depiction's of historic events
~1416: Tres Riches Heures du duc de Berry by Limburg Brothers
    -calendar illustrations.

GOTHIC General

1182 - Capture of Jerusalem by Saladin

c.1200 - University of Paris founded

1202 - 04 Fourth Crusade

1204 - Capture of Constantinople by crusaders; founding of the Latin empire of Constantinople.

1215 - Magna Carta signed by King John of England

1220 - Holy Roman Empire and Papacy enter period of troubles

c.1220 - Oxford University founded

1240 - Battle of Neva

1241 - Mongols withdraw from Europe

1271 - 95 Marco Polo's sojourn in China

1273 - 1291 - Rudolf I, Holy Roman Emperor

1305 - 1378 - Papal See in Avignon 

1314 - First public clock (in Italy)

1328 - Death of Charles IV of France. Edward III of England asserts dynastic claim to throne of France, and precipitates Hundred Years' War (1330-1453)

1338 -  Hundred Years War begins

1348 -1349 - Bubonic plague epidemic in Europe  (the Black Death)

1377 The Great Schism (to 1417)

1453 End of Hundred Year's War